Around 4 billion people – or approximately half of the world’s population – continue to lack access to modern energy cooking services. Instead, many households cook on open fires and simple charcoal stoves. These practices cause significant health problems that can lead to respiratory illnesses and premature deaths while contributing to the degradation of forest ecosystems and to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Consequently, several countries are developing policies for improving access to clean cooking technologies (e.g. electric and solar) and working towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
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- Set clear, comprehensive targets for clean cooking access (e.g. percentage of population with access to clean cookstoves) and/or higher performing efficient stoves, implementing enabling policies as well as a regulatory environment that is conducive to the development of a self-sustaining market.
- In scaling up clean cooking fuels and technologies, refer to the WHO Guidelines that provide guidance on ensuring maximum benefits from the energy transition while protecting human health. Where clean cooking fuels and technologies are reliably available, government policies and investments should be in place to enable scaling up. These solutions should be gender-sensitive and meet local needs while aiming to achieve universal access to clean energy, incorporating behavioral insights to ensure successful adoption and uptake.
- Increase finance towards accelerating the adoption of clean cooking solutions and overcoming barriers such as liquidity constraints, limited access to clean alternatives and poor availability and reliability of clean fuel delivery. Adequate financial and technological resources are needed to spur innovation and identify a suite of affordable and scalable clean cooking solutions. For example, high-performing biomass stoves can serve as an important improvement or transitional solution until infrastructure for the cleanest options (e.g. electricity, liquefied petroleum gas, ethanol, biogas, solar) is built.
- Provide stable, long-term incentives to deploy clean cooking solutions and higher performing stoves:
- Provide incentives to build and scale clean cooking technologies. This is important to create a business environment that attracts private sector actors. Allocating predictable, long-term funding for these measures can help build confidence for market entry, fostering a network of original equipment manufacturers and distributors for modern and clean cooking solutions in rural and urban areas.
- Provide financial incentives to private investors to develop a clean cooking industry and market. Some of these policy tools could be capital funds, grants, subsidies and tax exemptions, to foster innovation, grow capabilities, provide flexible financial solutions to end-consumers and achieve economies of scale.
- Prioritize the identification, protection, and sustainable management of forest areas with high conservation value to maximize the conservation benefits of clean cooking technologies. By focusing on these ecologically critical areas, efforts to reduce fuelwood collection can have a more substantial impact on preserving biodiversity and maintaining ecosystem services. This approach ensures that the introduction of clean cooking technologies directly alleviates pressure on the most sensitive forest ecosystems, helping to prevent forest degradation, protect key habitats, and safeguard the livelihoods of communities that depend on these forests’ services, including non-wood forest products.
- Establish a governmental agency to lead this policy by regulating, collecting information, providing support and accelerating equitable clean cooking solutions deployment including a UNFCCC Article 6 focal point for clean cooking solutions (the UNFCCC is the avenue through which governments can engage in carbon markets).
- Encourage multi-sectoral coordination and action between Health, Climate, Environment, and Energy ministries. A multi-sectoral approach is critical to engage diverse public and private stakeholders from across the development, climate, and nature conservation spectrum, including but not limited to policymakers for energy, health, environment and education. Integrating clean cooking solutions into conservation strategies can align with broader environmental goals, such as those outlined in the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework.
- Create an enabling regulatory environment that fosters private sector clean cooking growth. This can be done, for example, by upskilling local workforces, establishing local production facilities and product research and development, and establishing reliable electric infrastructure.
- The implementation of equitable clean cooking policies requires close collaboration with local communities, non-governmental organizations, community leaders, women’s groups and household members responsible for cooking. As such, governments, private sector actors and local organizations that build substantial social and cultural capital in local communities, using a participatory and inclusive approach, may be more successful in scaling clean cooking. Behavioral insights and analysis should be incorporated into programming and policy.
- Develop and strengthen baseline measurements at the household and institutional levels, including national data on energy use, cooking fuel types, amounts and technologies. Better baseline data is essential to accurately measure progress on improving clean cooking access.
- Improve the monitoring of household energy use, including primary and supplementary cooking fuels and technologies, and those used for heating and lighting. Improved monitoring is essential to accurately measure progress towards universal access to clean cooking. Assessing the impacts on human health, the environment, climate, gender, and livelihoods is crucial to understanding the full burden of polluting fuels and technology combinations.
Key tools and guides to support the successful implementation of creating access to clean energy sources and technologies for cooking include:
Tools
Clean Cooking Alliance Monitoring and Evaluation Framework
The Monitoring and Evaluation Framework by the Clean Cooking Alliance helps countries to develop their own MRV system and assess clean cooking projects.
FAO Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) Toolbox
FAO’s SFM Toolbox contains a set of easy-to-access tools and case studies in nearly 50 modules addressing a wide range of topics related to SFM.
Guides
International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) Guidelines for forest landscape restoration in the tropics by the International Tropical Timber Organization
The guidelines for forest landscape restoration in the tropics provide guidance at the policy and operational levels for restoring degraded (production and protection) forests and formerly forested landscapes in tropical forest biomes. The guidelines are designed to provide a basis for policy decisions and a technical reference that can be used or adapted of the needs and capacities of users.
UNEP and FAO Ecosystem Restoration Playbook
The Ecosystem Restoration Playbook by UNEP and FAO is a short and concise practical guide to restoration action across different ecosystems including forests.
Creating access to clean energy sources and technologies for cooking can also help advance the targets of the UAE Framework for Global Climate Resilience, the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KM-GBF), as well as those of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
Climate change mitigation benefits
Fuelwood burning releases around 1.0 to 1.2 Giga tonnes (GtCO2e) per year. Switching to clean cooking technologies and fuels, as well as high performing, efficient biomass stoves, can help to mitigate this by reducing direct emissions of carbon dioxide and black carbon as well as emissions from deforestation and forest degradation associated with biofuel production. Moreover, reduced deforestation and forest degradation enhances carbon sequestration in forest ecosystems.
In areas where fossil fuels are used for cooking and heating, switching to cleaner alternatives will also reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
Climate change adaptation benefits
Among the seven key areas of adaptation put forward in the UAE Framework for Global Climate Resilience, creating access to clean energy sources and technologies can directly contribute to:
- Target 9a (Water & Sanitation): Improved infrastructure ensures that clean cooking solutions minimize ash and chemical runoff, reducing contamination of water sources. Better air quality and less particulate pollution safeguard water bodies, supporting cleaner water and improved sanitation for communities.
- Target 9b (Food & Agriculture): Clean cooking solutions, supported by robust infrastructure such as reliable electricity grids, gas distribution networks, and supply chains for clean fuels and stoves, reduce dependence on traditional biomass. This shift increases cooking efficiency, preserves food nutrients, and reduces post-harvest losses, ultimately strengthening food security and agricultural sustainability.
- Target 9c (Health): Clean cooking infrastructure reduces indoor air pollution, a leading cause of respiratory diseases and premature deaths. By enabling widespread adoption of clean stoves and fuels, communities experience fewer health risks, lower healthcare costs, and improved overall well-being.
- Target 9d (Ecosystems): Infrastructure for clean cooking-like biogas plants, ethanol production facilities, and electric grid extensions-reduces the need for wood and charcoal, helping to curb deforestation and forest degradation. This protects biodiversity, restores habitats, and lowers emissions of black carbon and other pollutants, contributing to healthier ecosystems.
- Target 9f (Livelihoods): Investments in clean cooking infrastructure create jobs in manufacturing, distribution, installation, and maintenance of stoves and fuel systems. By reducing time spent collecting fuel and improving household health, these technologies increase productivity and support more resilient livelihoods, especially for women and marginalized groups.
Biodiversity benefits
Action under this policy option can help to deliver on several KM-GBF targets, in particular:
- Target 2 (Restore 30% of all Degraded Ecosystems): Switching from biomass fuels to clean cooking fuels reduces forest extraction and forest degradation which can generate passive regeneration of forest ecosystems, enable the permanent regrowth of woodlands and forests, and even create opportunities for large-scale active restoration efforts.
- Target 3 (Conserve 30% of Land, Waters and Seas): Switching from traditional to clean cooking fuels reduces or eliminates disturbances of local terrestrial and mangrove forests which enables both passive and active preservation and management of degraded forest ecosystems. Moreover, clean cooking can enable conservation of forest ecosystems through protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs) by providing alternative fuel sources that mitigate conflicts between the establishment of protected areas and OECMs and the livelihoods of local communities.
- Target 4 (Halt Species Extinction, Protect Genetic Diversity, and Manage Human-Wildlife Conflicts): Switching to clean cooking fuels reduces forest extraction and increases forest biomass and levels of biodiversity and abundance of seedlings of indigenous tree species in forest ecosystems. It also reduces encroachment into habitats and human-wildlife conflict.
- Target 5 (Ensure Sustainable, Safe and Legal Harvesting and Trade of Wild Species): Promoting the use of clean cooking fuels contributes to sustainable use and harvesting of tree species by reducing exploitation of forest and mangrove ecosystems for fuelwood or charcoal production.
- Target 7 (Reduce Pollution to Levels That Are Not Harmful to Biodiversity): Use of clean cooking fuels significantly reduces or even avoids ambient air pollution from burning of biomass fuels such as wood or charcoal.
- Target 8 (Minimize the Impacts of Climate Change on Biodiversity and Build Resilience): Switching to clean cooking fuels reduces or even eliminates greenhouse gas emissions from fuel burning, contributing to mitigation of climate change and its associated impacts on biodiversity. At the same time, clean cooking fuels reduce forest extraction which strengthens the resilience to climate change of forest ecosystems if these ecosystems are preserved and/or restored.
- Target 11 (Restore, Maintain and Enhance Nature’s Contributions to People): Creating access to clean cooking fuels reduces pressure on forests and preserves forest ecosystems which, in turn, can continue to provide vital ecosystem services such as water quality regulation, soil conversation, and protection against natural disasters.
- Target 16 (Enable Sustainable Consumption Choices To Reduce Waste and Overconsumption): Improving access to clean cooking fuels enables people to make environmentally sustainable consumption choices when sourcing cooking fuels since access to clean cooking fuels decreases demand for fuelwood and charcoal whose production is often associated with forest degradation.
- Target 19 (Mobilize $200 Billion per Year for Biodiversity From all Sources, Including $30 Billion Through International Finance): Funding for improved access to clean cooking fuels may be seen as biodiversity finance since it contributes to reducing forest degradation and conserving forest ecosystems.
- Target 20 (Strengthen Capacity-Building, Technology Transfer, and Scientific and Technical Cooperation for Biodiversity): Creating access to clean cooking fuels promotes the transfer of clean cooking technology that reduces the need for forest extraction and contributes to the conservation and sustainable use of forest ecosystems.
Other sustainable development benefits
Transitioning to clean cooking technologies and fuel has a positive impact on several SDGs, such as:
- SDG 1 (No Poverty): Clean cooking is necessary to leading healthy and productive lives, and it also helps consumers save time and money
- SDG 2 (No Hunger): Clean cooking reduces fuel needs, thus reducing the burden on families to collect, buy, or trade other resources, such as food, for fuel.
- SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-Being): Clean cooking improves health by lowering the burden of respiratory disease and premature deaths from exposure to household air pollution.
- SDG 4 (Quality Education): Clean cooking reduces fuel needs, thus reducing the burden on families to collect, buy, or trade other resources, such as food, for fuel.
- SDG 5 (Gender Equality): Clean cooking can reduce the burden of unpaid care work, which remains a major cause of gender inequality.
- SDG 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy): Clean cooking is essential to addressing energy poverty and ensuring sustainable energy security for billions of people.
- SDG 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth): Energy access enables enhanced productivity and inclusive economic growth. A global clean cooking sector can boost job creation.
- SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities): Clean cooking addresses household and ambient air pollution, resource efficiency, and climate vulnerability.
- SDG 12 (Responsible Production and Consumption): Clean cooking enables responsible consumption of cooking fuels.
The success of creating access to clean energy sources and technologies for cooking depends on well-designed and effectively implemented interventions. However, these efforts often face technical and non-technical challenges, alongside potential negative externalities and trade-offs that can undermine their outcomes, including:
- High initial costs, little access to credit and ongoing costs for maintenance are key barriers to the acquisition and sustained use of cleaner cookstoves.
- Lack of adequate awareness or previous knowledge about available cookstoves or the consequences of cooking with traditional and inefficient stoves inhibited the transition to cleaner cookstoves.
- Variability in specifics of cooking behaviour by culture, geography, season, fuel type, local practices and cooking needs is a challenge in implementing large clean cooking programs.
- The large-scale production of biofuels for use in non-electric, non-solar clean cooking technologies poses potential risks to natural resources, particularly through its demands on land use. When land is diverted for the cultivation of dedicated energy crops, it can lead to a range of environmental and social impacts. Key concerns include deforestation, loss of biodiversity, soil degradation, and water scarcity, as natural ecosystems are often cleared or converted into monoculture plantations. This process can also result in competition for arable land, displacing food production and threatening food security for local communities. Moreover, intensive cultivation of energy crops often requires high inputs of water, fertilizers, and pesticides, further straining local ecosystems and exacerbating pollution.
Integrating the following measures into a comprehensive and cohesive framework for creating access to clean energy sources and technologies for cooking can help address implementation challenges and minimize potential trade-offs:
- Address affordability constraints (e.g. through community lending schemes, concessional loans, price incentives or free cookstove repairs).
- Raise awareness of clean cookstove technologies and programs, such as through public cooking demonstrations, training sessions and campaigns to communicate the advantages of cleaner cookstoves to communities.
- Ensure cookstove programs provide suitable stoves that meet the household’s cooking demands, employing an inclusive and participatory approach to designing programs with the community.
- Monitor and timely address unintended consequences of clean cooking such as, for instance, higher incidence of malaria in households that transition to clean cooking.
- Implement regulatory safeguards for the sustainable production and consumption of fuels used in clean cooking technologies. Excessive reliance on markets can lead to suboptimal or detrimental outcomes.
Effective tracking relies on strong monitoring tools, clear indicators, and structured frameworks that capture both implementation progress and related biodiversity and climate outcomes.
Indicators to monitor biodiversity outcomes
The Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity agreed to a comprehensive set of headline, component, and complementary indicators for tracking progress toward the targets of the KM-GBF. Among these, below indicators could also be used for monitoring the implementation of this policy option:
| KM-GBF Target | Headline or binary indicator | Optional disaggregation | Component indicator | Complementary indicator |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Target 2 | 2.1 Area under restoration | By ecosystem functional group (Global Ecosystem Typology levels 2 and 3 or equivalent) By indigenous and traditional territories By protected areas or other effective area-based conservation measures By type of restoration activity | 2.CT.1 Proportion of land that is degraded over total land area | 2.CY.1 Global Ecosystem Restoration Index 2.CY.2 Proportion of key biodiversity areas in favourable condition |
| Target 3 | 3.1 Coverage of protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures | By effectiveness (protected area management effectiveness) | 2.CY.2 Proportion of key biodiversity areas in favourable condition | |
| Target 4 | A.3 Red List Index A.4 Proportion of populations within species with an effective population size greater than 500 | A.CT.10 Living Planet Index 4.CT.1 Number of (a) plant and (b) animal genetic resources for food and agriculture secured in either medium- or long-term conservation facilities 4.CT.2 Green status of species 4.CT.3 Human-wildlife conflict indicator 4.CT.4 Proportion of local breeds classified as being at risk of extinction | 4.CY.1 Species Threat Abatement and Restoration metric | |
| Target 5 | 5.b Number of countries with legal instruments or other policy frameworks for regulating trade in wild species | 5.CT.1 Red List Index (impacts of utilization) for utilized species B.CT.2 Living Planet Index for utilized species | ||
| Target 8 | 8.b Number of countries with policies to minimize the impact of climate change and ocean acidification on biodiversity and to minimize negative and foster positive impacts of climate action on biodiversity | B.1 disaggregation: Total climate regulation services provided by ecosystems and by ecosystem type | 8.CY.1 Above-ground biomass stock in forest (tons/ha) | |
| Target 11 | B.1 Services provided by ecosystems | 11.CT.1 Annual mean levels of fine particulate matter (e.g. PM2.5 and PM10) in cities 11.CT.2 Proportion of bodies of water with good ambient water quality | 11.CY.1 Air emission accounts 11.CY.2 Proportion of local administrative units with established and operational policies and procedures for participation of local communities in water and sanitation management 11.CY.3 Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services | |
| Target 16 | 16.b Number of countries developing, adopting or implementing policy instruments aimed at encouraging and enabling people to make sustainable consumption choices | 16.CT.3 Ecological footprint | 16.CY.6 Indicators from the Life Cycle Impact Assessment Programme 16.CY.7 Poverty level | |
| Target 19 | D.1 International public funding, including official development assistance for conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and ecosystems D.2 Domestic public funding on conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and ecosystems | |||
| Target 20 | 20.b Number of countries that have taken significant action to strengthen capacity-building and development and access to and transfer of technology, and to promote the development of and access to innovation and technical and scientific cooperation | 20.CT.1 Total amount of funding for developing countries to promote the development, transfer, dissemination and diffusion of environmentally sound technologies |
Tools to monitor biodiversity outcomes
FAO Framework for Ecosystem Restoration Monitoring (FERM)
The FERM platform enables different stakeholders, including policymakers, to produce information about restoration activities and monitor progress.
IUCN Restoration Barometer
The Restoration Barometer by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) is a tool for national and subnational governments to track their progress toward global restoration targets across all terrestrial ecosystems. The tool can be used to track progress on the 30×30 restoration target under the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework.
Tools to monitor climate outcomes
Clean Cooking Alliance Monitoring and Evaluation Framework
The framework contains guidance for monitoring annual emissions of climate pollutants from cooking to measure climate impacts of clean cooking activities.
Achieving universal access to clean cooking would require an investment of USD 8 billion annually in stoves and infrastructure between now and 2030. Clean cooking technologies and fuels are costly compared to traditional stoves and fuels. In practice, governments and private actors face high up-front costs and low-income households must face the upfront cost of purchasing the clean stove (e.g. in sub-Saharan Africa clean cooking appliances range between USD 30 and USD 100), and pay for maintenance and any recurring costs. However, some studies suggest that, in the long term, clean cooking energies have the potential to be competitive, and their benefits could increase when the positive environmental and health impacts are taken into account.
Some key examples of initiatives that provided access to clean energy sources ans technologies for cooking include:
- Since 2013, South Pole, a carbon project developer, and WWF have worked in the South Chinese province of Sichuan to install clean cooking stoves in rural homes. The activities were implemented in villages around bamboo forests in the Mamize, Dafengding and Huangguanshan Nature Reserves to ease pressure on these ecosystems and protect local wildlife. As of 2021, almost 4,000 stoves had been installed, fuelwood use had been cut by half, 45,000 tCO2e had been avoided annually, and more than 620 hectares of forest had been saved every year.
- India implemented the Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY) Scheme which provides subsidies to reduce the cost of liquified petroleum gas connections and cylinder refills.
- The Energy Sector Management Assistance Program led by the World Bank has launched its USD 500 million fund to scale up investments in the clean cooking sector globally. The fund aims to scale up public and private investments in clean cooking by co-financing with multilateral development banks’ lending operations, catalysing business and technological innovation and linking incentives with verified results. The fund is expected to leverage USD 2 billion in investments to support businesses delivering clean cooking solutions, with a view to transforming the market.
- Boudewijns, E. A., Trucchi, M., Kleij, R. M. J. J. van der, Vermond, D., Hoffman, C. M., Chavannes, N. H., et al. (2022). Facilitators and barriers to the implementation of improved solid fuel cookstoves and clean fuels in low-income and middle-income countries: an umbrella review. The Lancet Planetary Health, 6(7), e601–e612.
- Clean Cooking Alliance. (2022a). 10 Key Co-benefits of Clean Cooking for Climate, Nature, and Communities. Clean Cooking Alliance. Retrieved December 16, 2024, from https://cleancooking.org/news/10-key-co-benefits-of-clean-cooking-for-climate-nature-and-communities/.
- Clean Cooking Alliance. (2022a). A Call to Action: Accelerating clean cooking as a nature-based climate solution. Retrieved from · https://cleancooking.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Accelerating-Clean-Cooking-as-a-Nature-Based-Climate-Solution.pdf
- Clean Cooking Alliance. (2022b). Accelerating clean cooking as a nature-based climate solution. Retrieved December 12, 2024, from https://cleancooking.org/reports-and-tools/accelerating-clean-cooking-as-a-nature-based-climate-solution/
- Clean Cooking Alliance. (2022b). Clean Cooking for Climate Action: Roadmap for National Clean Cooking Programs to Achieve Emission Reduction Targets. Retrieved from https://cleancooking.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Clean-Cooking-for-Climate-Action_Roadmap.pdf
- Clean Cooking Investments in Africa. (n.d.). Spark+ Africa Fund. Retrieved February 7, 2024, from https://www.sparkafricafund.com.
- Climate Focus and the Modern Energy Cooking Services programme. (2023). The Role of Voluntary Carbon Markets in Clean Cooking. Retrieved from https://climatefocus.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/FINAL-The-Role-of-Voluntary-Carbon-Markets-in-Clean-Cooking-17-April-2023-with-photo-accreditation.pdf
- Energy 4 Impact and Loughborough University. (2021a). Clean Cooking: Financing Appliances for End Users. Retrieved from https://mecs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Clean-Cooking-Financing-Appliances-for-End-Users.pdf
- Energy 4 Impact and Loughborough University. (2021b). Clean Cooking: Results-Based Financing as a Potential Scale-up Tool for the Sector. Retrieved from https://mecs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Clean-cooking-results-based-financing-as-a-potential-scale-up-tool-for-the-sector.pdf
- FAO. (2024). Non-wood forest products. Retrieved December 16, 2024, from https://www.fao.org/forestry-fao/nwfp/50270/en/.
- Gill-Wiehl, A., Ray, I., & Kammen, D. (2021). Is clean cooking affordable? A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 151, 111537
- He, G., Chen, X., Beaer, S., Colunga, M., Mertig, A., An, L., et al. (2009). Spatial and temporal patterns of fuelwood collection in Wolong Nature Reserve: Implications for panda conservation. Landscape and Urban Planning, 92(1), 1–9.; Christensen, M., Rayamajhi, S., & Meilby, H. (2009). Balancing fuelwood and biodiversity concerns in rural Nepal. Ecological Modelling, 220(4), 522–532.
- HLPE (2023). Reducing inequalities for food security and nutrition. Rome, CFS HLPE-FSN. Available from https://www.fao.org/cfs/cfs-hlpe/insights/news-insights/news-detail/reducing-inequalities-for-food-security-and-nutrition/en
- Hollands, A. F., & Daly, H. (2023). Modelling the integrated achievement of clean cooking access and climate mitigation goals: An energy systems optimization approach. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 173, 113054.
- IEA. (2023). A Vision for Clean Cooking Access for All. Retrieved from https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/75f59c60-c383-48ea-a3be-943a964232a0/AVisionforCleanCookingAccessforAll.pdf
- Khavari, B., Ramirez, C., Jeuland, M., & Fuso Nerini, F. (2023). A geospatial approach to understanding clean cooking challenges in sub-Saharan Africa. Nature Sustainability, 6(4), 447–457.
- S, A., Jd, A., & Ea, M. (2022). Visualization and analysis of mapping knowledge domains for the global transition towards clean cooking: a bibliometric review of research output from 1990 to 2020. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 29(16). Retrieved February 7, 2024, from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34797544/
- UN-DESA. (2018). Accelerating SDG 7 Achievement – Policy Brief 02: Achieving Universal Access To Clean And Modern Cooking Fuels, Technologies And Services. Retrieved from https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/17465PB2.pdf
- Vassiliades, C., Diemuodeke, O. E., Yiadom, E. B., Prasad, R. D., & Dbouk, W. (2022). Policy Pathways for Mapping Clean Energy Access for Cooking in the Global South—A Case for Rural Communities. Sustainability, 14(20), 13577.
- Vera, I., Wicke, B., Lamers, P., Cowie, A., Repo, A., Heukels, B., et al. (2022). Land use for bioenergy: Synergies and trade-offs between sustainable development goals. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 161, 112409.
- Walker, N. (2022). Now We’re Cooking with Gas: Unintended Consequences of Clean Cookstoves. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 106(4), 993–994.
- World Bank. (2020). The State of Access to Modern Energy Cooking Services. Retrieved from https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/937141600195758792/pdf/The-State-of-Access-to-Modern-Energy-Cooking-Services.pdf
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- Yang, X. (2021, February 21). Clean cookstoves saving the Giant Panda with WWF. South Pole. Retrieved December 12, 2024, from https://www.southpole.com/blog/clean-cookstoves-saving-the-giant-panda-with-wwf.
